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The Maria Theresa Thaler was originally struck in Austria between 1740 and 1780. It was the circulating currency of the Holy Roman Empire and its dominions and it was one of the most important trade coins in Europe and the world. Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. It has been continuously minted in various mints around the world: Birmingham, Bombay, Brussels, London, Paris, Rome, and Utrecht, in addition to the Habsburg mints in Günzburg, Hall, Karlsburg, Kremnica, Milan, Prague, and Vienna. It is estimated that until 2000, 389 million pieces were minted, as of 2019, it is still sold by the Vienna mint.
There are over 150 different major variants, and virtually all dies produced before 1850 had minor differences. Subtle differences in design, style, and lettering allow determining at least partly the date and the mint. Some variations are very rare, with 10 pieces or less being known to exist. Along with the Spanish 8 Reales coin, it was the basis of the silver dollar which was adopted by the then-fledgling United States under the Mint Act of 1792. The word "dollar" is derived from the German word "Thaler/Taler". Also known as the Levant dollar, it also circulated as trade coinage in the Arab world (especially in Saudi Arabia, the Yemen, Syria, Muscat, and Oman), in Africa (especially in Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique), in India and Indonesia. It remains in circulation to this day in conflict areas in the Middle East and Africa.