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A Great scholar examines how history has shaped the identity of the Middle East. Most of the modern states of the Middle East are of recent origin, yet the region is the birthplace of 3 religions and many civilisations. Bernard Lewis, 1 of the world's most respected historians of the Middle East, discusses the countries and frontiers; their religions and communities; language and loyalties to place, and Middle Eastern perceptions of outsiders. He also considers the effect of alien ideas and influences including Liberalism, Nationalism, Fascism, Socialism and Democracy.